Wilted Leaves, Acorns, and Horses

There are not many sights that are more pleasing to the eye than a horse pasture in the fall.  Horses, green grass, a nice fence, and fall colors showing on the trees just makes a great Kodak moment.  Horse owners do need to be aware and take some precautions to protect their horses from potential harmful effects that those beautiful fall leaves can cause.

There are three types of trees in particular that horse owners need to pay attention to in the fall.  Those are oaks, red maples, and wild cherry. While most of the time these trees and horses can coexist with no problems, horse owners should not become complacent just because there has never been a problem. 

Let’s talk about how these trees can cause problems in horses.  First, we’ll discuss the red maple.  In the fall, red maples are one of the more brilliant trees when the leaves are changing color prior to dropping.  The problem with red maples and horses is caused by wilted leaves that horses ingest, primarily in the fall. Wilted leaves can also be ingested at any time of the year, mainly after a storm or high wind event that blows leaves off the tree, breaks a limb, or blows a tree down.  However, the main season of horses ingesting wilted red maple leaves is in the fall during normal fall leaf season.  

According to Doctors Martinson, Hovda, Murphy, and Weicherding of the University of Minnesota Horse Extension team, dried leaves can remain toxic for four weeks, and ingesting 1.5 to 3 pounds of leaves per 1000 pounds of body weight can cause problems with the horse’s red blood cells. The exact cause of red blood cell damage from wilted red maple leaves has not yet been identified, but several chemicals are being looked at as possible causal agents. 

Affected horses become depressed, lethargic, and anorexic.  Urine will become dark red or brown the first day after ingestion.  Breathing will become labored and heart rate will increase, depending on how much was ingested.  Severe cases can result in death.  

Treatment recommendations from the veterinarians include administering activated charcoal followed by mineral oil soon after ingestion.  More severe cases may require fluids and whole blood transfusions. Vitamin C, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids have also been used in some cases.

While there is some risk associated with Red Maples, don’t go and cut every one of these trees down.  They also provide some good benefits, such as shade, wildlife habitat, and beauty. The risk can be managed by protecting young trees, by removing low branches to a height where the horses can’t reach them, and by fencing out areas where a lot of wilted maple leaves are found in the fall.

There are several species of oaks in North Carolina.  Oak trees are usually considered to be a problem in the fall when the acorn crop is falling to the ground.  Tannins and gallotannins are the toxic agents in green acorns and in oak buds and young leaves, so there are actually two seasons when oaks can be a potential hazard – spring and fall.  Horses don’t usually eat a lot of acorns or buds, but cases have been documented where horses have eaten enough acorns to require treatment.  Again, removing all the oak trees from the pasture is not recommended, but some prudent actions can be taken, including pruning branches so the leaves and acorns are out of reach, fencing around young or small oak trees, and fencing horses out of areas where acorns are plentiful in the fall.   

Acorns or oak buds/young leaves can become a problem if horses ingest large amounts over two days to a week.  Horses can develop anorexia, colic, constipation, diarrhea, edema of the neck and abdomen, and will urinate frequently.  Treatment for kidney and GI tract damage from acorns includes fluid and electrolyte therapy over several weeks.  Liver damage rarely ever occurs in horses. More information on oaks and horses is available from the University of Minnesota Horse Extension team. 

Another tree to be very careful about with horses and other livestock is the wild cherry, or black cherry.  Usually problems occur with this tree after a storm when a limb or leaves are blown off the tree, or when a tree is uprooted by a storm.  Ingesting wilted wild cherry leaves can cause death within a few hours, so more care should be taken with wild cherry trees.  The causal agents are cyanogenic glycocides contained in the leaves. 

Immediate treatment is necessary.  According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, nitrites are usually administered, followed by a slow IV injection of sodium thiosulfate. Vitamin B12a and sulfanegen have also been used as a cyanide antidote.

Extra care with pruning and fencing should be taken around this tree species to prevent ingestion of the leaves.  This is one species that horse owners may want to remove from pastures if there is a chance of branches breaking off or the tree blowing over.  However, pruning branches to keep the leaves out of reach and good fencing will certainly reduce the risk.  

Again, these risks are very manageable, and most horses likely will never develop a problem from being around these tree species.  Horses much prefer to eat good hay and grain over wilted leaves.  Using some common sense and not exposing horses to the wilted leaves or acorns when they are plentiful can usually be accomplished without resorting to draconian measures such as cutting down trees.  A little pruning and use of some temporary fencing will provide an extra bit of risk reduction to better allow these beautiful trees and our horses to peacefully coexist.

Understanding your Soil Test Report

You’ve taken your agent’s advice and taken a soil sample on time.  Now you have a report, and it is time to make some decisions, but first, what does this report mean?  Let’s take a look at what’s reported on a North Carolina soil report.

First, it is important to understand what a soil test does.  A soil test extracts and measures elements essential for plant growth.  In North Carolina, soil testing can be done through NCDA&CS for free from April through about November.  During peak testing dates, December through March, there is a $4 per sample fee.  Other states offer similar services and testing can also be performed by private labs, but this article will focus on the NCDA&CS test.

After the test has been performed on a pasture sample, you will receive a report that will look similar to this:

This is an actual report from Lee County, NC.  This grower sampled an established fescue pasture to receive recommendations on maintenance fertility applications.  In some cases, you may see comments from the agronomist, but most often the first part of the report will show the recommendations.  Recommendations are made for lime, nitrogen, phosphate, potash, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, zinc, copper, and boron.  You may also have a link to more information.  In this case, note 12 is linked, which is a publication with more information on fertilization of pasture crops.   Let’s go through each of these recommendations and what they mean for you, as well as how they relate to the numbers given in the test results section of the report.

Lime

The lime recommendation is given for pastures in units of tons per acre.  This value is calculated using soil pH, exchangeable acidity (Ac), target pH, and residual lime credit.  The lowest rate recommended will be 0.3 tons/acre.  Soil pH and exchangeable acidity are both reported in your results.  The soil pH is a measure of active acidity in the soil solution.  Exchangeable acidity represents the portion of the CEC which is occupied by hydrogen or aluminum ions which must be neutralized to raise soil pH.  Each of these numbers are required to accurately determine liming needs.  The CEC is reported and represents the nutrient holding capacity of the soil.  This value will be lower in sandy soil and higher in clay or organic soils.  The base saturation (BS%) is reported and represents the portion of CEC occupied by bases, mostly calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are all essential plant nutrients.  Target pH depends on the plant being grown and the soil classification.  Soil classification is also reported in your results and will be either mineral, mineral-organic, or organic.  This is determined by the humic matter (HM%), which represents soluble soil organic matter, and the weight/volume ratio (W/V).  For maintenance of fescue on a mineral soil, the target pH is 6.0.  Remember, the proper soil pH is critical for plant growth and development as it directly relates to nutrient availability.

Nitrogen (N)

The NCDA&CS soil test does not test for nitrogen in a standard predictive soil test.  This test in only done in certain situations because nitrogen does not persist long in soils, and in general the amount in soil at the time of testing is not representative of the actual amount in the field.  Recommended nitrogen rates are based on field research studies, and the recommended rate represents the total nitrogen that should be applied in a year.  In general, nitrogen will be split into several applications and rates may vary depending on your pasture management practices.  Talk with you agent to determine the proper application rates for your situation. 

Phosphate (P₂O₂) and Potash (K₂O)

These recommendations are based on an index determined by your soil report, the P-I or K-I respectively.  These indexes represent the amount of available phosphorus or potassium in the soil.  An index value of 0-10 is very low, 11-25 is low, 26-50 is medium, 51-100 is high, and 100+ is very high.  Recommendations are given in pounds per acre.  Phosphorus is relatively immobile in soils, and an application can be made at once to correct low phosphorus levels.  Potassium will leach, so a split application can be beneficial in sandy soils.  Phosphorus and potassium can be applied to fescue in early fall or early spring.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium recommendations are based on the percent of CEC occupied by Mg, expressed as Mg %.  If your soil is below critical level, 25 pounds per acre of Mg will be recommended.  If lime is needed, the use of dolomitic limestone will supply the required Mg.

Sulfur (S)

Sulfur is recommended when the sulfur index (S-I) is below 25.  Sulfur leaches rapidly, so applications should be split in sandy soils.  Sulfur is required by the plant in order to properly utilize nitrogen. 

Manganese (Mn)

The manganese availability index (Mn-Al) is calculated based on the soil test manganese index (Mn-I).  Mn availability is closely correlated to soil pH.  For crops such as pastures, where data determining the response to added Mn is limited, you may see a $ in the recommendation line if levels are low.  This will link to a note with more information about Mn rates.  If pH is high enough to affect Mn availability, you may see either pH$ or $pH in the recommendation line.  These again will link to notes with more information.

Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu)

Zinc or coper are generally recommended when either the zinc availability index (Zn-AI) or copper index (Cu-I) are below 25.  Zinc is generally recommended at a rate of 6 pounds per acre if the crop is known to respond, regardless of soil type.  Copper rates are recommended based on the crop and soil type.  However, with pastures, there is generally less data on crop response, so instead of a recommendation you may see a $ which will link you to a note with more information.  In some situations in North Carolina, you may have an area with excess zinc or copper.  If you see a Z on the zinc recommendation line, or a C on the copper recommendation line, this indicates that the Zn-AI or Cu-I is above 2000.  If you see either of these situations, refer to the agronomist comments section of the report for more information. 

Boron (B)

Boron is recommended for crops with a known response.  The only forage crop with a known response to boron which will have a recommendation is alfalfa. 

Your sample also reports sodium (Na), exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), soluble salt index (SS-I), and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N).  Sodium is evaluated for all samples.  Levels below 0.4 are considered inconsequential to plant nutrition, but higher can cause root injury or interfere with plant growth.  ESP represents the total amount of sodium on the CEC.  Values below 15% are considered acceptable.  SS-I or NO₃-N will only be given on certain reports, and will only be reported for a pasture sample if it is submitted as a problem diagnostic sample.  You agent will be able to work with you if a problem sample is submitted and either of these values are a contributing problem.  

I hope this can be used as a guide to help you understand your soil test report.  If you would like more information about understanding you soil test, please see the NCDA&CS document “Understanding the Soil Test Report” at http://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/uyrst.htm.  Remember, each situation is unique, so your county extension agent is your best resource for determining your forage fertility needs.