Forage Amounts for Horses

It has always been a rule of thumb that a mature horse should eat 1-2% of its body weight a day in forages. That means a 1,000-pound horse should eat 10-20 lbs. of good quality hay a day. This number is based off of the dry matter of the feed they are eating. Hay is normally about 90% dry matter because it has been dried and cured. So, if you take that dry matter amount and apply it to standing lush pasture that is normally about 20-30% dry matter that means the dry matter is a lot lower, so in turn the horse has to consume a lot more forage. Eating anywhere from 40-60 lbs. of forage in a day. But we also need to keep in mind that horses shouldn’t be allowed to eat very rich lush pasture 24/7 because it can lead to digestive issues and over eating. Horses are more prone to digestive issues because of the way their digestive system is set up. When a horse eats, the material passes through most of its digestive tract before reaching the main breakdown area of forages which is the cecum. The cecum houses protozoa and bacteria that break down forages so that the horse can absorb nutrients, but because the cecum is near the end of the digestive tract past the small intestine this makes horses not the most efficient eaters. In the body the small intestine is where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs and since that is before where the major break down process of most of the food they are eating, makes them less efficient than other livestock. Just remember that it takes a lot of forages to keep your horses gut operating normally and correctly so make sure they are receiving enough forages. Weigh some flakes of your hay bales to see if they are receiving adequate amounts. They may not be the most efficient eaters but they are more fun to ride than a cow, trust me.

Avoiding Colic Issues in Winter

 

    As we head into winter, horse owners face many challenges dealing with the cold weather. Unfortunately, winter can lead to a higher incidence of colic in horses. There are several ways horse owners can help reduce the chance of colic this winter.

    The biggest factor to consider is the grazing behaviors of horses. Horses will spend 10-17 hours grazing each day. Their digestive tract is designed to handle a constant stream of forage. If hay and feed are restricted to only one or two times a day, this can create issues with the ability of the gut to digest the hay. Try to space your hay feedings out over the day or provide constant access to hay if possible. Slowing down the consumption rate by using a hay net can help increase the time spent eating. This can also help alleviate boredom in a stall setting. 

    Many horse owners try to increase grain and concentrates in their horses’ diet in response to cold weather. However, hay does a better job of providing heat without upsetting the digestive tract. Make sure plenty of quality forage is available to help your horse handle the colder temperatures.

    Since hay has much less water than pasture, it is important to ensure your horses are getting enough fresh water. Horses often drink less in the winter due to a combination of factors. Try to keep water temperatures above 45 degrees to encourage drinking. Horses also tend to drink more after a meal, so it is important to provide water when feeding. If you provide salt to encourage drinking, you must make sure there is abundant drinkable water. If water troughs are frozen or empty there is the possibility for issues with salt toxicity. 

    It is very important to have your hay tested. A lab can determine the quality of the hay, including factors such as digestibility. Look for the NDF value on a hay report. The higher the NDF, the less digestible and palatable the hay is. This indicates the hay has more structural carbohydrates which are harder for the gut to digest. Visually, the more stemmy the hay is, the less digestible the hay is and therefore has a greater likelihood of causing impactions. Various factors impact the leaf to stem ratio, including age or maturity of the grass at cutting as well as species of forage. Warm-season grasses like bermuda or bahia grasses tend to have a lower leaf to stem ratio and therefore higher NDF values. Mature plants with lots of seed heads generally have higher NDF values and lower protein and energy. 

    Another factor to consider is exercise. Movement and exercise help move feed and hay along the digestive tract. Make sure your horse has access to turnout or some form of exercise throughout the day. Even hand walking a horse can help provided needed exercise. This is especially important for horses kept in stalls frequently. 

    The cold weather is approaching but by taking these simple precautions, you can help prevent colic and impaction issues in your horses this winter.