Late summer and
fall generally brings bot flies, but if you haven’t seen the bot fly hovering over and around your horse, you might
have seen the whitish-yellow eggs they have deposited on your horse’s body. The bot fly, which resembles a honey bee, has
non-functional mouthparts and does not bite the horse, but can cause
significant internal damage to the digestive system. The eggs of the bot fly
are what we are more concerned with, since they contain the bot larvae that can
be dangerous to your horse’s digestive tract.
Bot flies usually lay eggs on the horse’s legs, flank and belly area,
but sometimes even in the mane, neck, chest, throat and other areas. There actually are three types of bot flies:
the common horse bot fly (Gastrophilis intestinalis), the throat bot fly (G.
nasalis) and the nose horse bot fly (G. haemorrhoidalis). The common and throat bot flies are found
throughout the U.S., but the nose bot fly is more common in the northern and
Midwestern states. The female bot fly
can lay between 150-500 eggs in her 7-10 day life cycle. What’s most important is that the eggs are
removed promptly, before the horse licks them and the larvae are allowed to
enter the mouth and start causing problems.
Bot eggs
require two things to hatch: friction and moisture. The horse provides both of these if they lick
or scratch an area with their mouth. The
small bot larvae will attach to the horse’s tongue, burrowing into the tissues
of the mouth. Some of the bot larvae
found closer to the head will even emerge and migrate on their own without the
horse’s help. It takes about one to five
days for the egg to incubate before hatching, so its best to remove the eggs as
soon as you see new ones on your horse. After
about three weeks, they will leave the mouth area and travel to the stomach and
the upper portion of the small intestine.
The cycle is complete when the fully grown larvae pass through the horse
feces and burrow in the soil to pupate, then emerge as flies after a couple
months.
Damages caused
by bot larvae can be extensive. Horses
may lose weight due to the inability to graze because of the pain in their
mouth from the burrowing larvae in the tongue, gum, or lips. They may rub or bite at objects to relieve
pain from the burrowing and injure themselves.
In the stomach, the larvae can cause obstruction of the flow of food,
colic, or even perforations of the stomach or small intestine wall. Ulcers, peritonitis, esophageal paralysis,
and even rupture of the stomach can occur in very severe cases.
Controlling
bots is not hard, but routine inspection for eggs and frequent removal is
required to minimize their effects.
Breaking the life cycle is the key.
Sponging affected areas of the horse with warm water will cause the eggs
to hatch, and including an insecticide with the water will kill any eggs
exposed once hatched. If you’d rather not use them, a quick method of removal
is to either use a bot knife or clip the area.
Oral treatment and in most cases prevention of the horse from bot
infestation is done through certain deworming products. Dichlorvos, ivermectin, trichlorfon, and
moxidectin are all effective for bots. It is recommended to deworm both in the
late summer and immediately after a killing frost for best results. Best wishes
with your parasite control and bot management this fall.
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